The Persian Empire is the name given to a series of dynasties centered in modern-day Iran that spanned several centuries—from the sixth century B. First settled in the seventh century B. In A. Syria is home to one of the oldest civilizations in the world, with a rich artistic and cultural heritage.
From its ancient roots to its recent political instability and the Syrian Civil War, the country has a complex and, at times, tumultuous history. Ancient Syria Palestine is a small region of land that has played a prominent role in the ancient and modern history of the Middle East. The history of Palestine has been marked by frequent political conflict and violent land seizures because of its importance to several major world The nation of Israel—with a population of more than 9 million people, most of them Jewish—has many The long-term effects of the Balfour Declaration, and the British Live TV.
This Day In History. History Vault. Mehmed died in His oldest son, Bayezid II, became the new Sultan. Fratricide Under Sultan Selim, a new policy emerged, which included fratricide, or the murder of brothers. Topkapi A total of 36 Sultans ruled the Ottoman Empire between and Recommended for you. Byzantine Empire. Deconstructing History: Empire State Building. Developing the Empire State Building. Reagan's Evil Empire. While the gazi warriors fought for Islam, the greatest military asset of the Ottoman Empire was the standing paid army of Christian soldiers, the Janissaries.
Originally created in by Orhan Gazi , the janissaries were Christian captives from conquered territories. Educated in the Islamic faith and trained as soldiers, the janissaries were forced to provide annual tribute in the form of military service. To counter the challenges of the Gazi nobility, Murad I transformed the new military force into the elite personal army of the Sultan. They were rewarded for their loyalty with grants of newly acquired land and janissaries quickly rose to fill the most important administrative offices of the Ottoman Empire.
During the early history of the Ottoman Empire, political factions within Byzantium employed the Ottoman Turks and the janissaries as mercenaries in their own struggles for imperial supremacy. In the 's, a usurper's request for Ottoman assistance in a revolt against the emperor provided the excuse for an Ottoman invasion of Thrace on the northern frontier of the Byzantine Empire. The conquest of Thrace gave the Ottomans a foothold in Europe from which future campaigns into the Balkans and Greece were launched and Adrianople Edirne became the Ottoman capital in Over the next century, the Ottomans developed an empire that took in Anatolia and increasingly larger sections of Byzantine territories in Eastern Europe and Asia Minor.
Ottoman expansion into Europe was well underway in the late 14th century. Gallipoli was conquered in and a vast crusading army was crushed at the Battle of Nicopolis in The disaster was so great that the knights of Western Europe were discouraged of launching a new expedition against the Turks. The appearance of the Tatars under Tamerlane early in the fifteenth century temporarily delayed Turkish advances but the Ottomans soon resumed attacks on Byzantium and Eastern Europe.
Constantinople itself was captured in , sending a shock wave across Europe, and its name was changed to Istanbul. Science Why it's so hard to treat pain in infants. Science The controversial sale of 'Big John,' the world's largest Triceratops. Science Coronavirus Coverage How antivirals may change the course of the pandemic.
Travel A road trip in Burgundy reveals far more than fine wine. Travel My Hometown In L. Travel The last artists crafting a Thai royal treasure. Subscriber Exclusive Content. Why are people so dang obsessed with Mars? How viruses shape our world. The era of greyhound racing in the U. See how people have imagined life on Mars through history. See More. United States Change. Ottoman is derived from Uthman, the Arabic form of Osman.
From its small bridgehead in Anatolia, Osman and his son Orhan began expanding their lands northwest into Byzantine Empire territory and east into the rest of Anatolia. During the second great expansion period from to , the Ottoman Turks conquered territory in Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia modern Iraq , and Hungary.
At its apogee, Suleiman the Magnificent c. In the Turks attempted to continue their European expansion by attacking Vienna in July. The assault failed; the slow decline of the Empire had begun. Problems within the army over pay and recruitment as well as government corruption and civil unrest were the main catalyst for the decline. Through a series of unsuccessful major conflicts and subsequent treaties the Empire lost most of its territory. Egypt was temporarily lost to Napoleon in then permanently lost in
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